5 Main Differences Between Flame Resistant and Retardant: Can They Be Non-Toxic?

Flame retardant and flame resistant fabrics are pretty much everywhere in our daily lives. You’ll find it in baby strollers, car seats, clothing, and even furniture—basically anything that’s designed to slow down the spread of flames. But what’s the difference between the two? And how do they actually work? Is it possible for these fabrics to be non-toxic? We’ve broken down the main differences to help you understand them better. Let’s dive into what sets them apart!

 

Read more: Detailed Guide on Flame Retardant Fabric

 

Flame-resistant vs. flame-retardant

1. Naturally fire resistant or chemical treated?

Flame-resistant fabrics, like Kevlar or Nomex, are made from fibers that are naturally resistant to fire. On the other hand, flame-retardant fabrics are made from regular fibers, such as cotton or polyester, but are treated with chemicals to help prevent or slow down burning. However, based on our experience as a fabric manufacturer, even flame-resistant fabrics require the use of chemicals because of their PU coating. The PU coating binds the threads together, preventing fraying when the fabric is cut, which is essential since fabrics can unravel during sewing or cutting. But, PU coating is highly flammable, meaning that even naturally flame-resistant fabrics need additional flame-retardant chemicals to ensure they can still prevent the spread of fire. So, while flame-resistant fabrics have natural fire-resistant properties, they often need to add chemicals like flame retardants to maintain safety.

 

Read more: Polyurethane Fabric: What is PU and What is it Used For?

 

2. Long lasting or wear off over time?

Flame-resistant fabrics have fire-resistant properties built right into the fibers, which means they last as long as the garment itself, even after multiple washes or exposure to heat. On the other hand, flame-retardant fabrics are treated with chemicals that can wear off over time, especially with washing and repeated exposure. This means that flame-retardant materials may lose their effectiveness after continued use, unlike flame-resistant fabrics that maintain their protection for the garment’s entire lifespan. 

 

3. Performance in Heat

Flame-resistant materials tend to char and self-extinguish when exposed to fire, without melting or dripping. On the other hand, flame-retardant fabrics also help slow down the spread of fire, but they may eventually catch fire and burn—just at a much slower rate compared to untreated fabrics.

 

4. Cost

Flame-resistant fabrics tend to be more expensive because their fire-resistant properties are built directly into the fibers. In contrast, flame-retardant fabrics are generally more affordable since they’re made from regular materials that have been treated with chemicals to achieve fire resistance. This difference in cost is largely due to the permanent nature of flame-resistant fibers versus the treatment process used for flame-retardant fabrics.

 

5. Environmental impact

Flame-resistant fabrics generally have a lower environmental impact compared to flame-retardant fabrics. This is because flame-resistant fabrics are made from fibers that are naturally fire-resistant, which often means they require fewer chemical treatments. As a result, there's less risk of harmful chemicals leaching into the environment during manufacturing, use, or disposal.

 

On the other hand, flame-retardant fabrics rely heavily on chemical treatments to achieve their fire resistance. These chemicals can have several negative environmental consequences. For example, flame retardants can contaminate water sources during the manufacturing or disposal process, contributing to water pollution. Additionally, when released into the air, these chemicals can worsen air pollution and lead to respiratory problems. Some flame retardants even have the potential to bioaccumulate in the bodies of animals and humans, which may lead to long-term health issues.

 

So, while both flame-resistant and flame-retardant fabrics provide fire protection, flame-resistant fabrics tend to be the more environmentally friendly option.
 

Fire-resistant vs. fire-retardant fabrics

Feature	Flame-Resistant Fabric	Flame-Retardant Fabric
Composition	Naturally fire-resistant fibers (e.g., Kevlar, Nomex)	Regular fibers (e.g., cotton, polyester) treated with chemicals
Durability	Fire resistance is inherent and lasts for the life of the fabric	Chemical treatment can wear off over time, especially with repeated washing or exposure to heat
Performance in Heat	Tends to char and self-extinguish without melting or dripping	May eventually catch fire and burn, but at a slower rate than untreated fabrics
Cost	Generally more expensive due to the inherent fire-resistant properties	Typically more affordable due to the use of regular materials
Environmental Impact	Often has a lower environmental impact due to fewer chemical treatments	May have a higher environmental impact due to the use of flame retardant chemicals
Treatment	Might be coated with PU	Treated with chemicals to impart fire resistance

 

What is fire resistant?

Flame-resistant fabrics are designed to resist ignition and slow the spread of fire without needing additional chemical treatments. The fire resistance is built directly into the fibers during the manufacturing process, so it's part of the fabric itself. There are two main types of flame-resistant fabrics: FR-treated fabrics and inherent FR fabrics:

 

• FR-Treated Fabrics: These are regular fabrics (like cotton or viscose) that are chemically treated to deeply bond flame retardants into the fibers. Even after frequent washing, they remain flame-resistant, providing strong protection against heat and molten metal. They're more affordable compared to inherent FR fabrics, making them a cost-effective choice for many applications.

 

• Inherent FR Fabrics: These fabrics are made from fibers that are naturally flame-resistant, such as aramid (like Kevlar) or modacrylic, and certain treated cotton blends. They retain their flame-resistant properties, as well as their color, through laundering and offer excellent protection against heat and arc flashes. However, they tend to be more expensive and offer limited protection against molten metal splash.

 

Is Fire-Resistant Fireproof?

Fire-resistant is not the same as fireproof. While both terms suggest resistance to fire, there is a key difference:

 

• Fire-resistant: This means the material can resist the effects of fire for a certain period of time, but it may eventually ignite or be damaged by the fire. 

• Fireproof: This implies that the material is completely impervious to fire and cannot be ignited under any circumstances.

 

In reality, there is no material that is truly fireproof. Even materials labeled as fire-resistant can be overcome by intense heat or prolonged exposure to flames. The goal of fire-resistant materials is to delay or prevent the spread of fire, but they cannot guarantee complete protection. Therefore, while fire-resistant materials are valuable in enhancing fire safety, they should not be considered a foolproof solution.

 

What is flame retardant fabric? 

Unlike flame-resistant fabrics, which are naturally resistant to fire, flame-retardant fabrics rely on a chemical finish to slow or stop the spread of flames. While they do provide protection, there are growing concerns about the potential health risks linked to these chemicals, including connections to cancer, hormone disruption, and developmental issues in kids. Plus, there are environmental worries since these chemicals can stick around in the environment and build up over time. You’ll often find flame-retardant fabrics used in things like home furniture, carpets, curtains, and children's products.

 

Health concerns

Flame retardants in fabrics can contain chemicals that may pose significant health risks, especially to babies and children. Some of the harmful chemicals found in these materials include Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), which have been linked to thyroid disruption, developmental delays, lower IQ, and attention problems. Chlorinated Tris (TDCPP) is associated with cancer, genetic mutations, and developmental toxicity, while Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has potential neurodevelopmental effects, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. Another harmful chemical, Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), has been connected to endocrine disruption, immune toxicity, and developmental issues. These chemicals are particularly dangerous because they can accumulate in the body and persist in the environment, leading to long-term health risks.
 

Can flame retardant and fire resistant fabric be non-toxic?

Yes, flame retardant and fire resistant fabric can be non-toxic. Industries like baby strollers and children's toys are starting to explore new fabric options due to tighter regulations. Luckily, there are better alternatives out there.

 

Some textile manufacturers now offer fabrics with phosphorus levels below 1,000 ppm, which current SGS/ITS testing reports as N/A. Companies like Yu-City use special weaving techniques to create chemical-free fabrics that still meet federal flammability safety standards. These fabrics are safe, meet all necessary regulations and Oeko-Tex standards, and are a more affordable option. If you're unsure which fabric is the right fit for your products, feel free to reach out to Yu-City for expert advice!

 

Read more: What is Oeko-Tex? Everything You Need To Know

 

FAQs

1. Can flame retardant catch fire?

Yes, flame retardant fabrics can catch fire, but their purpose is to slow down the spread of flames and reduce the intensity of the fire. While these fabrics are treated with chemicals to delay combustion, they are not entirely fireproof. Flame retardant materials may still burn if exposed to high enough temperatures or direct flames for an extended period, but they are designed to resist ignition and help provide more time for escape or firefighting.

 

2. What are the disadvantages of flame retardant fabric?

 

• Health Concerns: Some flame retardant chemicals, such as PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), have been linked to health issues, including hormone disruption, developmental problems, and cancer. These chemicals can leach out of fabrics over time and become harmful to humans and animals.

   

• Environmental Impact: The chemical treatments used on flame retardant fabrics can contribute to environmental pollution. During the manufacturing process, flame retardants can contaminate water and air. Additionally, when these fabrics are disposed of, the chemicals may accumulate in soil and water sources, causing long-term ecological damage.

 

• Loss of Effectiveness: Flame retardant chemicals can wear off over time, especially after repeated washing or exposure to the elements. This means the fabric may lose its fire-retardant properties over time, reducing its effectiveness.

 

• Cost: Flame retardant fabrics can be more expensive than untreated fabrics due to the additional chemical treatments required.

 

3. Is 100% polyester fabric fire retardant?

No, 100% polyester fabric is not inherently fire retardant, although it has some natural flame-resistant properties due to its synthetic nature. Polyester tends to melt and shrink away from flames, which can slow down the spread of fire, but it will still ignite and burn if exposed to high enough temperatures. To make polyester fabric fully fire retardant, it must undergo additional chemical treatment, which enhances its ability to resist catching fire.

 

4. Why avoid flame retardant?

There are several reasons why some people and organizations choose to avoid flame retardant fabrics:

 

• Chemical Exposure: Many flame retardant chemicals have been linked to negative health effects, such as endocrine disruption, reproductive issues, and cancer. People may choose to avoid these fabrics to reduce their exposure to harmful chemicals, especially in environments like homes and schools.

 

• Environmental Concerns: Flame retardants can be harmful to the environment, contaminating air, water, and soil. Additionally, these chemicals can bioaccumulate in wildlife, leading to ecosystem damage.

 

• Potential Allergic Reactions: Some people may experience allergic reactions or skin irritation when exposed to flame retardant fabrics, particularly in clothing or bedding.

 

• Decreased Durability: Over time, the flame retardant chemicals can wear off, reducing the effectiveness of the fabric. This can make it less reliable for long-term use, especially after multiple washes.

 

5. Which is better fire-resistant or fire retardant?

Fire-resistant fabrics are generally considered better than fire retardant fabrics for several reasons:

 

• Durability: Fire-resistant fabrics are made from fibers that are inherently resistant to fire, meaning their fire protection properties last as long as the fabric itself. These materials don’t lose their effectiveness over time or after washing, unlike fire-retardant fabrics, which rely on chemical treatments that can wear off.

 

• Safety: Since fire-resistant fabrics don’t require chemical treatments to resist flames, they don’t carry the same health and environmental risks associated with flame retardant chemicals.

 

• Environmental Impact: Fire-resistant fabrics are more eco-friendly since they don’t involve harmful chemicals that can leach into the environment. In contrast, flame-retardant fabrics can contribute to pollution and ecological harm through the release of toxic chemicals.

 

However, fire-resistant fabrics are typically more expensive than fire-retardant fabrics, so the choice between the two often depends on the specific application, budget, and long-term needs.